Wireless, Aerospace & Satellite Communications

Communications satellite is a wireless communication that functions as part of a global radio-communications network in the Earth’s orbit that as uses a transponder to send and receive data from the Earth . It is primarily used to redirect communication data from one Earth-based communication Centre to another station. Communications satellite are  works as when it collects the data from instinctive stations in the form of electromagnetic waves. The data is usually sent via large satellite dishes. Based on the intended destination, the communications satellite redirects the waves to the corresponding station. Satellites are vital for the rural and remote areas around the world that do not have to access the traditional landlines for telephone or Internet services

The fact that the forms of electromagnetic radiation travel through space while carrying radiant energy independent of a physical medium makes them appropriate for transmitting and/or communicating power and/or information without wires. Below are the modes and types of wireless transmission and communication.

Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) describes any satellite design that provides positioning, navigation, and timing  facilities on a global or regional basis. While GPS is the most dominant Navigation Satellite System, So many Countries  are fielding, or have fielded, their own systems to provide complementary, independent PNT capability.Wireless Navigation System Market receive signals from navigation satellites, which assist in vehicle tracking and positioning. These signals are received from multiple satellites thereby helping in precise positioning of the vehicle. Global Navigation System includes range of functionalities such as record, save music, and operate climate control functions (if equipped in car). The GPS navigation systems are largely used by transportation and logistics industry.

Internet of Things (IOT) – Although the concept is not new and has been a hot topic of discussions between top tech pundits for decades, going back to late 1980s, it has started to grow in the mind of Tech giants and is spreading like a wildfire. What exactly is IoT (Internet of Things) in the most generic sense? The literal core meaning is very simple, and you just read that, Internet of things, that is it. It is nothing fancy, but a bunch of devices connected to the internet that can interact with each other, us and various applications. IoT is the future of internet with vast global network infrastructure where physical and virtual things have identities and are connected to each other through the internet. With vast improvement in wireless technology (RFID, load sensors, NFC, WSN, Barcode) and technology as a whole, IoT is gaining a lot of attention and momentum as well.

Next gen Wireless communications networks are evolving rapidly, as consumers express increasing the demands for improved the data services which is better use of bandwidth. New generation wireless communications systems which demands higher than the data through put, lower power consumption, and higher reliability. These requirements are frequently struggle with each others. Meeting these demands requires a high sample rate, high signal bandwidth, and a power efficient digital-to-analog converter (DAC) solution. New gen high speed DAC products feature with the GSPS sample rates along with the input data rates, and offer multi carrier GSM compliant performance for the multi band, multi standard radio base station while reducing the total power consumption and the density of heat dissipation in the system. This discusses  high speed converters into help the system engineers advance the invention of the  wireless communication systems which is projected by providing a higher sample rate, larger data bandwidth, and lower power consumption.

Tele-computing will have several implications on our living pattern in future. First of all it should be personalized to the person at working place or at home. The objective is to serve employees and residential users according to their needs and this must be end-user-driven. Technology must simplify our life. The application of technology must be simple. Also it must be trust worthy. If people will count on these PC-based devices for all their information needs, the devices and supporting networks cannot never ever fail. Our PCs will convert video telephones, using the  flat panel displays that can be hung on any wall and also  PCs will become more portable and wearable. We will have special-use systems aimed at a primary function or two. They will be small but have big displays and make loud sounds. The most important PCs will be wearable and part of our garments, just as many cell phones are worn on the hip today.

5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation ) is designates that the next major phase of  mobile telecommunications industry standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Innovative standards. 5G has speeds beyond what current 4G can offer wherein IEEE conferences will feature a comprehensive technical program offering numerous technical sessions with papers showcasing the latest technologies, applications and services.5G should be rolled out by 2020 to meet the business as well as consumer demands. In adding to provided that simply faster speeds, they are expecting that if  5G networks will be need to meet the needs of new use cases, such as the Internet of Things(IoT) as well as broadcast-like services and lifeline the communication in times of natural disaster.

Scientists, Philosophers, and Science Literature writers suspected that other extra solar planets existed but there was no way of detecting them. Exoplanet or Extra solar planet is a planet outside of the solar system that orbit a star. The discovery of Exoplanets has intensified interest in the search for Extra-terrestrial life. On 1917 the first Exoplanet was noticed but it was recognized as such the first confirmed discovery was in 1992.  Expect to see the coming years an explosion of data once these highly anticipated space telescopes launch and once their ground-based cousins start collecting follow-up data. Together, these instruments will uncover long-sought-after secrets of faraway worlds. Upcoming missions seeking to unravel the secrets of exoplanets abound. An informal survey of astronomers revealed which of those projects they most eagerly await.

Space climate is an research of room Material Science and aeronomy apprehensive about that  the time changing the conditions inside the Solar System, including the sun oriented breeze, underlining the space surrounding the Earth, joining with the conditions in the Magnetosphere, Ionosphere and Thermosphere.Space climate is particular from the earthbound climate of the Earth's air. What's more, it is additionally allude to the natural conditions in Earth's magnetosphere.

Satellite communication is  telecommunications to use of the artificial satellites to provide the  communication links between many points on Earth. Satellite communications play a vital role in the global telecommunications system.Approximately 2,000 artificial satellites orbiting Earth relay analog and digital signals carrying voice, video, and data to and from one or many locations worldwide. Satellite communication has two main components which the ground segment, which consists of fixed or mobile transmission, reception, and subsidiary equipment, and the space segment, which primarily is the satellite itself. A typical satellite link involves the transmission or uplinking of a signal from an Earth station to a satellite. The satellite then receives and amplifies the signal and retransmits it back to Earth, where it is received and reamplified by Earth stations and terminals. Satellite receivers on the ground include direct-to-home (DTH) satellite equipment, mobile reception equipment in aircraft, satellite telephones, and handheld devices.

A launch vehicle is a rocket that throws a satellite into orbit. Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems. This is describes that the basic features of the each of  bus subsystems. It discusses the key elements of the payload portion of the space segment, specifically for communications satellite systems; the transponder and antenna sub‐systems. Satellite subsystems attend many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude control and orbit control.

The Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program places the three prime NASA space communications networks, Space Network (SN), Near Earth Network (NEN) (previously known as the Ground Network or GN), and the Deep Space Network (DSN), under one Management and Systems Engineering umbrella. It was established in 2006. It was previously known as the Space Communications & Data Systems (SCDS) Program.

Geographic information system (GIS) system is designed to capture, store, analyse, manage, manipulate, and present all types of geographical data or spatial. This System GIS is every now and then used for geographical information science or geospatial information studies refer to the academic discipline or career of working with geographic information systems and is a large domain within the broader academic discipline of Geoinformatics. GIS is a wide term that can refer to a number of different processes, technologies and methods. It is attached to the many operations as well as it has many applications related to engineering, telecommunications, management, planning, insurance, transport/logistics and business.

Satellites orbit Earth at different heights, different speeds and along with different paths. The two most common types of orbit are "geostationary and "polar." A Geostationary Satellite travels from west to east over the equator.

Applications:

         Fixed Service Satellite: FSS is the official classification for geostationary communications satellites used mainly for broadcast feeds for networks, television and radio stations  as well as for telephony, Data Communications and also for Direct-To-Home (DTH) cable and satellite TV channels.

       Direct Broadcast Satellite: DBS is a term used to refer to satellite television broadcasts intended for home reception, also referred to as direct-to-home signals. It covers both analogue and Digital Television and radio reception, and is often extended to other services provided by modern digital television systems, including video-on-demand and interactive features. A "DBS service" usually refers to either a commercial service or a group of free channels available from one orbital position targeting one country.

         Satellite Broadband: In recent years, Satellite Communication Technology has been used as a means to connect to the internet via broadband data connections. This is very useful for users to test who are located in very remote areas, and can't access a wire line broadband or dialup connection.

Telecommunications industry is a vast industry that make hardware, software and provide services. Hardware includes enable communication across the entire planet which includes video broadcasting satellite, telephone handsets and fibre optic transmission cables and so on Software makes it all work, from sending and receiving e-mail to relaying satellite data.

Mankind has extended efforts in perusing the skies with man-made flying objects for over 2,000 years. The history of aviation began with the invention of kites and gliders, before emerging to the multimillion dollar aircraft industry of modern era. The origin of the first man-made flying objects were kites circa 200 B.C. in China. During the 17^th and 18^th centuries, the discovery of hydrogen led to the first development of the hydrogen balloon, which carried people away at high altitudes and across several miles. In the 19^th century, tethered balloons were used to transport people and observe battles safely above ground as they took place. In the early 20^th century, gliders became the groundwork for massive aircraft, engine technology, and further developments in aerodynamics.

Aerospace is the human effort in science and engineering to fly in the atmosphere of Earth and surrounding space. Aerospace organizations research, design, manufacture, operate, or maintain aircraft and or spacecraft. Aerospace activity is very diverse, with a multitude of commercial, industrial and military applications. Aerospace is not the same as airspace, which is the physical air space directly above a location on the ground.

The rocket technology has been developed at first to realize the Dream of flying out of our Boundary. The quest to move out of the atmosphere of the earth has led us to invent some great technology. Soviet Union and USA are some of the front runner and pioneer for this program. The target of space exploration has always been the planets revolving around us and their effect on the earth.

Aeronautics is the study of the science of the flights. Aeronautics is the method of designing an airplanes or other flying machines. There are four basic areas that aeronautical engineers are must have to understand in order to be able to design the planes or other flying machine. To design a plane or other flying machine, engineers must have to understand all of these elements. This significant part of aeronautical science is a branch of dynamics called aerodynamics, which has deals with the motion of air and the way that has interacts with the objects in motion, such as an aircraft.Aeroacoustics is a branch of acoustics that deals with the noise generation from either turbulent fluid motion or from aerodynamic forces interacting with surfaces. Noise generation can also be associated with the periodically varying flows as well. The generation of sound by a turbulent flow is the most common physical source linked with the field of the aero acoustics. The prefix ‘aero’ means air, however the field of aero acoustics is not restricted to flow-induced noise in air. Aero acoustics is concerned with the general interaction between a background flow and an acoustics field.

Future of Aerodynamics will provide a forum for the performance and discussion of aspects of the advancement of the aerodynamic disciplines and their application in a civil and military context through current research, nearer term conception and longer-term designs and operations. Aviation traffic is growing increasingly, with the forecasts of suggesting it is set to double over the next two decades and the essential for efficient, sustained growth is recognised. This Discussion will provide an opportunity to review successes of the past and raise the profile of the challenges ahead, highlighting the technologies required to ensure cost-effective solutions in a global market in sympathy with the increasingly demanding operational and environmental considerations.

Space Flight Mechanics deals with motion of space vehicles. These include space satellites, probes and capsules, which belong to the category of non-winged re-entry vehicles, orbiters from the category of winged re-entry vehicles, but also air breathing cruise and acceleration vehicles. Space Flight mechanics is the application of Newton’s laws to the study of stability, vehicle trajectories and aerodynamic control. This field of includes which researcher are that establishes new theoretical results, defines that new computational algorithms, performs unique analysis and experiments, and creates technology that changes the engineering practice as well as advancements from this research are applied to obtain the airplanes, rotorcraft, satellites, space probes, launch vehicles, projectiles, parachutes, space missiles, Space Para foils and the air transportation system, and others.

The aircraft design process is the engineering of designing the process by which aircraft are designed. These are depending upon many of factors such as customer and manufacturer demand, safety protocols, physical and economic constraints etc. Designing is done by taking into account some constraints.  These are consist of Purpose, Aircraft regulations, Financial factors and market, Environmental factors and Safety. The aircraft industry is the industry supporting aviation by building aircraft and manufacturing aircraft parts for their maintenance. This includes aircraft and parts used for civil aviation and military aviation.

Radio astronomy is the subfield of astronomy that revisions spiritual objects at radio frequencies. The initial detection of the radio waves from the astronomical object was created in the year of 1930s when Karl Jansky observed that the radiation coming back from the extra galactic nebula. Subsequent observations have known a variety of various sources of the radio waves. These embrace stars and galaxies, likewise as entirely new categories of objects like radio galaxies, quasars, and pulsars.

NISER: Using advanced Radar Imaging that will provide an unprecedented, detailed view of Earth, the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar, or NISAR, satellite is designed to observe and take measurements of some of the planet's most complex processes, including ecosystem disturbances, ice-sheet collapse, and natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes and landslides

SWOT: Designed to make the first-ever global survey of Earth's surface water, the Surface Water and Ocean Topography, or SWOT, satellite will collect detailed measurements of how water bodies on Earth change over time. The satellite will survey at least 90 percent of the globe, studying Earth's lakes, rivers, reservoirs and oceans at least twice every 21 days to improve ocean circulation models, and weather and climate predictions, and aid in freshwater management around the world.

DSAC: The Deep Space Atomic Clock, or DSAC, is a technology demonstration of a small, ultra-precise, mercury-ion atomic clock, which will be launched into Earth orbit to test its potential as a next-generation tool for Spacecraft Navigation, Radio Science and global positioning systems. The technology, which is designed to improve navigation of spacecraft to distant destinations and enable collection of more data with better precision, is 50 times more accurate than today's best Navigation Clocks.

Green aviation is the pursuit of reductions in noise, greenhouse gas emissions and fuel usage. For decades, aerospace has been considered a major polluter. However, these environmental effects have not gone ignored by the industries. Today the civil aerospace spends roughly near about  $ 15 billion a year on sustainability related research and development. As a result, big changes are thorough the industry.